About the Courts

Idaho’s state courts are organized as one unified system with consistent rules and procedures statewide. This system includes four main types of courts. Most cases begin in one of the trial courts and may move to a higher court if a party files an appeal.

Trial Courts

  • Magistrate Division of the District Court

  • District Courts

Appellate Courts

  • Idaho Court of Appeals

  • Idaho Supreme Court

Each type of court has different responsibilities and authority.

How a Case Moves Through the System

Most cases follow this general path through Idaho’s court system:

  • 1

    A Case is Filed

    A criminal case begins when a prosecutor files charges alleging a person has committed a crime. A civil case begins when a person, business, or government agency files a complaint. Due process requires that the opposing party receive proper notice of the case — meaning they must be formally served with the charges or complaint, so they are aware of the claims against them and have a fair opportunity to prepare a response.
  • 2

    The Trial Court Hears the Case

    The case is heard by a magistrate or district judge. Due process guarantees each party a meaningful opportunity to be heard — to present evidence, examine and cross-examine witnesses, and make legal arguments. This stage may include hearings, motions, settlement discussions, or a full trial. A judge or jury will reach a decision based on the evidence and the law.
  • 3

    An Appeal May Be Filed

    If a party believes the trial court made a legal error, that party (called the appellant) may file a notice of appeal. An appeal is not a new trial. The opposing party (called the respondent) must also receive notice of the appeal, ensuring they have the opportunity to respond and be heard before the appellate court.
  • 4

    Appellate Review

    The appellate court reviews the record of what occurred in the trial court to determine whether the law was applied correctly. Both parties have the opportunity to submit written briefs and, in many cases, present an oral argument. Appellate courts do not take new evidence. The appellate court issues a written decision and may affirm the trial court's ruling, reverse it, or remand the case back to the trial court for further proceedings.